This article considers rising youth unemployment in West Africa and the role of trade and migration in meeting this challenge. Lessons and opportunities can be drawn from the implementation of free movement protocols in West Africa, with recommendations on how the rest of Africa can benefit from...

The proliferation of regional and bilateral preferential trade agreements has spurred a dynamic evolution of “mode 4” provisions well beyond the standard acquired in the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services. Free trade agreements signed by China and India also cover non highly skilled workers...

African women are frequently over-represented in cross-border trade; however, their specific needs are insufficiently addressed. The migration aspect of cross-border trade requires greater prominence, including attention to the gendered characteristics of migration. Female traders require greater...

Japan has traditionally imposed one of the most stringent immigration policies among developed nations. But with aging demographics, its increasingly critical labour shortage is prompting more radical approaches, including relaxing a virtual ban on unskilled workers. Many countries are currently...